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| NATO and Warsaw Pact |
Russian and European Terminologies Overlapping
Русская и Европейская терминологии совпадают
Le terminologie russa ed Europea si sovrappongono
Les terminologies russe et européennes se juxtaposent
Die russische und die Europaeische prallen zusammen
1.Heritages of the blocks
Somebody has pretended that the Communist block arisen in Europe after World War II (or the Soviet Union itself) constituted a sort of anticipation of present days European Union .In fact, Evgenij Primakov has called it “European Union n. I”. It is not a secret that Primakov is favourable to the accessoion of Russia into the European Union.We could say that institutions like the Warsaw Pact and the Comecon were created just for contradicting NATO and Common Market, but were based on the same idea of the latter, i.e. as an ideological, and non continental, block. From another point of view, albeit we maintain our persuasion that the very core of the European project is not an ideologic, but a geopolitical issue, we admit that somebody could suggest that also the European Union was an ideologic reality, arisen out of a “Western” agenda.Notwithstanding all of the foregoing, the fact so large parts of Europe have lived within for a so long period within the framework of the same system, and with the same - logical, theoretical, political - patterns, has contributed to the creation of a more widespread “common language”. It has also to be said that what is common of this language has been often also the one of nationalities and of conflicts, and that is used now for dividing Europeans (Republics against Russians, Albanians against Serbs, Armenians against Azeris). However, there is at least a common legal and organizational style and a common sociological typology, which is not completely useless in absolute, and could ever constitute a working tool for European politicians willing to really cope with problems like continental cooperation and curing the excess of national suprematisms.
Unfortunately, many of the positive aspects of the former East European sovrannational organizations, as, for instance, the attention to long lasting economic cooperation, are no more perceivable in the area. Another aspect of the former East Block States is, paradoxically, the loss influence of those movements of “dissent” which, for a certain period, seemed to be a common element for all Central and Eastern European societies. It is true that these movements were weak, without a common ground, and too much depending on foreign influence. So that it is easy to explain why, after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, they disappeared, leaving space to very Western-type parties and ideologies. Even intellectuals, like Kadaré or Havel, who had widespread, in the past, a culturalist, national and elitist message, changed dramatically their messages after the fall of the Wall, homologating it to the requirements of the West, and forgetting the national particularities which had rendered live the same messages. Only Sol’zenitzin did not rally with this trend and continued, also after the fall of Communism, to defend its own patriotic and Christian point of view.
Paradoxically, only certain authors which, at the end, were, at least partially ,integrated into the system, like, for instance, Wajda, Lem,Zanussi,Sol'zhenitsin,Kusturica,Tarkovski, Kolakowski, Kieszlowski, succeeded, thanks to the gaps of the old system, to create, in the Eastern Block,during the transition period, "classical" works which denoted a total distance both from the Marxist ideology, and from the economicist Western world, especially in cinematography (Andrej Rubljov, Sol’aris, Stalker,Lotna, Kalwaria Polska, Dekalog, Otac je u delovim put, Slike ot zhivota udarnika) .
2. Europe, a Federation of Empires
Coming to the merits of Primakov’s contention, we cannot deny that both the Soviet Union and the European Union have been the heirs of the same political thinking, which, as the outcome of a century-old federalist tradition, had reclaimed the reconstruction of a general European order in substitution of the Roman Empire. The idea itself of the “Third Rome” was originated, in last instance, by the necessity of a succession to the Constantinian Tetrarchy, which had been the first case of general political organization of Christian Europe. This tradition went on through Bohemia, France and Germany during the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries.
The best known of these project, the “Projet de Paix Perpetuelle” of St. Pierre, included Russia (and, initially,also the Ottoman Empire) in the new European Organization, which should have guaranteed peace for two whole of Europe.
Also the “Greek Project” (for the Greeks, “i Megàli Idèa”) was intended, by Leibniz, as the unification of the whole of Europe, alongside the model of the Qin Empire in China. Then, the “Russian” version of the Holy Alliance spoke of a “Europe of the Peoples”.
Also at the moment of creating the Soviet Union, Bolsheviks took inspiration from the teaching of “Austro-Marxists”, who, in their turn, draw their inspiration from the constitutional traditions of the late Ottoman, Austrian and German Empires, which had known large forms of federalism, such as the one of the German States inside the 2nd Reich, the “compromise” between Austria and Hungary, as well as the representation of Nationalities (Milletler) at the Ottoman Empire’s level.
But also Coudenhove-Kalergi, the Greek-Czech-Austrian founder of “Paneuropa” was inspired by the Austria’s constitutional tradition.
1.Federation/Federacija; Market/Rynok;Community/Soobscestvo; Union/Sojuz.
Even the terminologies utilized were similar: “Soviet Union” and “European Union”; “Common Market” and “Eurasiatic Market”; “European Communities” and “Community of Independent States”; “Russian Federation” and “European Federation”.
The matter is too complex for being dealt with here in a comprehensive manner. It may be sufficient to take note of some fundamental aspects.
First of all, all these terminologies cover very different realities, some of them being extinct, others still leaving, some having remained at the stage of a draft, others presently under completion. Some of them were centralized and despotic to the maximum extent, others were, or are, extremely loose.
Finally, all of these concepts and realities changed without interruption over the time: the Russian Sovietic Republic became the Soviet Union, which, at its turn, gave rise to the Russian Federation and to the Community of Independent States, where, today, some Republics, like Russia, Belarus and Kazakhistan, would like to create a Eurasiatic Common Market. Reversals, the European Communities have been transformed, present days, into European Union.
So, even taking into account the specificities of each institution and of each specific moment of time and political situation, all these similarities means that we are not just utilizing the same wordings, but we are confronted with the same type of problems. This will probably bring us again to face these problems with a common approach.
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